The Illustrated Man Essay Example for Free

The Illustrated Man EssayRay Bradbury wrote The Illustrated Man in 1951. The general context of that time in the USA had a powerful impact on the themes he chose to base his book on. The Second World War had seen horrific crimes against humanity, tyranny and a limiting in family life which was due to both the huge number of dead fathers and the great technological development. Women started working more and more in jobs previously seen as exclusively male and appliances such as the washing machine and the vacuum cleaner cle ard more time for the typical housewife. Affected and inspired by these circumstances, Bradbury wrote his 18 different stories in the book, exploring family life, technology implications and politics from extreme points of view. The stories chosen hither to be discussed in a comparative and contrasting manner are The veld, The Rocket, Zero Hour, The Fox and the Forest and The Other Foot. The main reason for choosing these is their step forwardstanding figur ative re saluteation and artistic input.Family life takes a new turn, as Bradbury presents in The Veldt, and it isnt positive. The father-son relationship deteriorates as we can see from their conversations. Even though the parents have done their best to fulfil all their childrens wishes, the final effect is a sift family relationship, mainly characterised by the childrens selfishness. Peter, the son, regards his father as nothing more than a sort of institution to fight against, rather than anything close to his heart. Whats wrong with Africa, Father? employment him Father, on multiple occasions after initially calling him Dad, Also, there is some verbal violence between them, as suggested I dont think youd ruin consider it any more, Father, I wont have any threats from my sonHowever, The Rocket provides a completely different picture. Although poor, all members of the family get along and stick up each other with respect. I go to Mars He danced wildly. Thank you, Father The c hildren are grateful for everything and love their parents. In opposition to Peter and Wendy from The Veldt, the children here are selfless.Another heavy element in Bradburys view of the future is the power of imagination. Once more, this is portrayed as evil or heavenly. In The Veldt the children end up killing their parents through the sole mean of imagination fuelled by the nursery. A similar scenario is suggested in Zero Hour where aliens abuse childrens fecund potential for imagination to invade the perfectly defended Earth. A brighter story from this point of view is The Rocket, because the father uses the power of imagination and simulation to offer his children an amazing go across which would have been impossible to achieve in their materially limited reality.The technology bloom in the 1950s influenced Bradbury to magnify his vision of the future in ground of the way homes looked and worked, as well as space journey and time travel. The parents in The Veldt buy a Happ y Home which does everything for them cooks, cleans and rocks them to bed. This seems amazing at first, but they end up wishing they could leave their perfect home behind and start fresh in a regular house, Youre beginning to disembodied spirit unnecessary, too, says Lydia.Bradbury uses figures of speech to represent this, emphasizing on personification of dead objects And although their beds tried very hard, the two adults couldnt be rocked to sleep for another hour, Also, it appears that children come to replace their parents with the nursery, I wish you were dead We were, for a long while, The father realises that he and his wife havent spent enough time with their children, making them feel more attached to machinery, That sounds noble Would I have to tie my own shoes instead of letting the shoe tier do it?The language Bradbury uses to describe the nursery is very effective. He uses the senses to emphasize the powerful reproduction of the African veldt, The hot straw smell of lion grass, the cool green smell of the hidden water hole, the great grey smell of animals, the smell of dust like a red pimento in the hot air, The simile dust like a red paprika and the repetition smell give a good impression of the veldt, the heat and the strong odours in the air.Another technological vision present in Bradburys belles-lettres is space travel. In The Rocket, rich people are able to travel and live in space. This is shown as a part of their daily r popine, as modern watches the rockets every night and his children have rocket toys. Also, he is able to buy a ticket next day, emphasizing on the ease with which people travel in space.In The Fox and the Forest people are able to travel in the past, anywhere, Travel in Time, Inc., can costume you, put you in a crowd during the assassination of Lincoln or Caesar This shows the extent to which Bradbury sees the technology rise.Perhaps the most horrifying element of the stories is war within the context of dictatorship and dystopia. A well-portrayed story from this point of view is The Fox and the Forest. Mexico is celebrating during WW2, Everything was good and sweet, the air was that blend of the dead and the living, of the rains and the dusts, of the incense from the church, and the brass smell of the tubas on the bandstand which pulsed out vast rhythms of La Paloma, The atmosphere in Mexico contrasts with the one in the future in the year 2155.The use of language here portrays a horrible universe of discourse of war and dictatorship, A world that was like a great black ship pulling away from the shore of sanity and civilization, roaring its black saddle horn in the night, taking two billion people with it, whether they wanted to go or not, to death, to fall over the edge of the earth and the sea into radioactive fervour and madness, The repetition of the word black in black ship and black thorn signifies death, nothingness and everything evil the simile A world like a great black ship pul ling away from civilization, shows how the world has shrunk all its possibilities into a black vessel that no one can get out of. The world has lost all its spirit and joy, and all that remained was a continuous chain of destruction and manslaughter. This is a great way of representing dystopia.The political and social elements present in Bradburys The Illustrated Man reflect warnings to humanity, a potential Third World War and its imminence. In The Other Foot there is a strong reservoir to the racism experienced by black people during the 20th century. You remember how they hung my father on Knockwood Hill and shot my mother? Despite this, the story ends in a positive tone, reflecting Bradburys hope for the future, even in the event that most of it is destroyed. Now everythings even. We can start all over again, on the same level,Bradburys views of the future contrast on all levels, peace and war, wealth and poverty, good families and bad families. In his dark visions there is a lways a spark of light and in his most utopic views there is a pinch of evil.

Human Resources in Riordan Manufacturing Essay Example for Free

Human Resources in Riordan Manufacturing EssayWhen people think of the responsibilities of a human resources department, they may say they atomic number 18 responsible for the hiring and firing of employees. The law of the matter is that a human resources management is responsible for much more than just hiring and firing. The human resources management is responsible for hiring qualified people, training employees to do their jobs fit in to company policies, motivate their employees and be able to support productive employees. Riordan Manufacturing has a good human resources department, which maintains an innovative and team-oriented work environment. Riordan Manufacturing mainly recruits employees outside the company via immersion level positions. There is also an internal job posting for employees to take advantage of new job opportunities. The method Riordan Manufacturing uses to recruit qualified employees is through online advertisements via Monstor.com, topical anes thetic newspapers, employee referrals, temp agencies, and job conferences. The plant in China uses contract workers for engineering, and IT positions.Riordan Manufacturing seeks qualified people for jobs, but the company does not conduct reference test as well as drug testing of potential employees. When concerning training and development, Riordan Manufacturing has a mandatory training program for employees within their 90 days of hire. New employees pull in to attend orientation on their first day on the job. For production and shipping and quality employees, they have to go through Six Sigma training. New supervisors are required to go through training workshops within 12 months of becoming a supervisor. Such workshops include interviewing guidelines, preventing EEO claims as well as workplace sexual harassment, and finally performance reviews. Riordan Manufacturing also has incentive programs for outstanding employees. There are three types of programs Riordan Manufacturing u se to recognize outstanding employees.1. Outstanding Employee Award2. Employee Suggestion computer programme3. Seniority AwardsRiordan Manufacturing HR systemRiordan Manufacturing implemented its HRIS (Human Resource Information Systems) in 1992. This system manages employee information such as the following 1. Personal information2. Pay rate3. Personal exemptions for tax purposes4. Hire dates5. Seniority date6. Organizational information7. Vacation hoursIf an employee has to make any changes to his or her information, he or she has to submit it in writing on a special form. That information is entered later by a payroll clerk. The training and development specialist kept track of training and development records via Excel worksheets. In order for recruiters to maintain applicants information, all resumes are filed in a central store area and are track via an Excel spreadsheet. Riordan Manufacturing employs a third party provider to keep track of workers compensation. Individual managers keep track of employees files and are also responsible for tacking FMLA absences as well as requests for accommodation. A compensation manager keeps results of job analyses, salary surveys and individual compensation decisions via Excel spreadsheet. Complaints, grievances, harassment complaints, as well as ethical issues are managed and tracked by employee relations specialists.HR Needed SystemsRiordan Manufacturings current HRIS needs an up-to-date grammatical construction lift. Instead of having different individuals managing employees vital information, Riordan Manufacturing needs to invest in human resources software. Implementing the software would increase the efficiency of their current HRIS. It would ease the burden of retentivity track of all the employees information.ReferencesUniversity of Phoenix (2012). Riordan Manufacturing Virtual Organization. Retrieved from BSA/500 Business Systems II course website.

Corporate governance and firm performance

bodied cheek and fast transactionIntroduction bodily governance is concerned with the process and expressions through which parts interested in the overall well being of the pixilated take pulses to protect the interests of the stakeholders. (Ehikioya, 2009). bodily governance in the main refers to the external rules and regulations and internal system that ar designed to minimize office staff problem and is the system by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury 1992, Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008) high-priced embodied governance is centered on the principles of accountability, transparency, fairness and responsibility in the management of the unswerving. (Ehikioya, 2009). Accountability comes from both within and outside the company. Responsible management works entirely in the interests of the owners. Board composition plays an important role in concealing the company transparent in its affairs. Board structure is important to keep the interests of managemen t and owners aligned (Byrnes et 2003, cited in Ehikioya, 2009).The institution of embodied governance in a tauten is an attempt to ensure the separation of ownership and control, and this often results in Principal-Agent problems (Byrnes et 2003, cited in Ehikioya, 2009). Managers ceaselessly have incentives to misuse a regulars assets by undertaking projects that benefit themselves much personally but its impact on shareowner wealthiness works adversely (Jensen and Meckling, 1976 Fama and Jensen, 1983 cited in Brown and Caylor, 2004) and same goes with (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997)Researchers have mixed opinion in Principal-Agent problem. According to (Jensen and Mecklings 1976 cited in Lia,Wang and Deng, 2009) managerial agency costs always increase with the separation of ownership and management. Managers, as the agents of shareholders, are inclined to waste the corporal resources to satisfy their exploitative purposes. In contrast, stewardship theorists counter-argue that m anagers are inherently trustworthy and are good stewards of company resource (Donaldson, 1990 cited in Lam and Lee, 2008).Central to the boards effectiveness is the question of board structure (size and license). In addition to board size, board independence should also have an impact on firm value and movement. Inside directors provide firm and project specific knowledge that assists the board in intellect the detailed aspects of the firms business. In contrast, outside (or item-by-item) directors contribute expertise and objectivity that ostensibly mitigates managerial entrenchment and expropriation of firm resources (Bhagat and Black, 2002).The governance literature generally suggests that as boards plump increasingly independent of managers, their monitoring effectiveness increases thereby decreasing managerial opportunism and enhancing firm performance. (Harforda, Mansib, and Maxwellc, 2006).Gov-Score is used in different researches to assess the governance and firm perfor mance has been used with 51 factors (Brown and Caylor, 2004) or less i.e. 37 (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005). This paper will use the GOV-SCORE with 38 factors and including new factor i.e. more than oneness family member on boardThe paper proceeds as follows component II is the Literature review, Section III will discuss rationale of study, Section IV will include theoretical framework, Section V hypotheses development and theoretical background, Section VI data and methodology, Section VII sample, instrument and structure of instrument, Section VIII Work cited and then Appendix.Literature ReviewCorporate governance is the process and structure through which a firms business and affairs are managed by enhancing business prosperity and corporate accountability with the ultimate objective of enhancing shareholders wealth (Mir and Nishat, 2004).A well defined and functioning corporate system helps a firm to attract investment, raise funds, and strengthen the foundation for firm perform ance and good corporate governance shields a firm from vulnerability to future financial sorrow (Ehikioya, 2009). Effective corporate governance minimizes control rights of shareholders and their creditors to give on managers and increasing the probability that managers should invest in positive net present value projects for the firm gain (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997).Prior studies have predominantly focused on US companies, trance those are related to Asian countries are rather few (Kiel and Nicholson, 2003 Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008). The notion that corporate governance affects positively corporate performance is based on the fact that management in shareholder-friendly firms, in making corporate decisions, do what shareholders themselves would have done, had they been in charge of corporate decisions ( Kanellos and George, 2007).It was found (Ehikioya, 2009) that where the CEO also acted as chairperson and more than one family member had a appear on the board of directors thi s had an adverse effect on firm performance.Corporations can be said like a republic. The major and highest level of authority is stockholder (Owners). These voters have the right to vote and elect their representatives which serve as directors, who delegate their most of their power to bureaucrats (managers). As in any form of government (republic), the trustworthy power-sharing depends upon the set of rules called governance. On one extreme, which is inclined toward a democracy, have little power for management and enable stockholders to immediately and easily replace directors of the company. On the new(prenominal) hand, it is vice versa to the democracy (Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003).CEO duality is another concern in corporate governance. In USA 70-80% of them combined the roles of CEO and Chairperson. (Rechner and Dalton, 1991 Rhoades et al, 2001, Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008). moreover the prevalent corporate governance practice in Europe separates the CEO and chairperson (Co les et al 2001 Higgs, 2003 Zardkhoohi, 2005, Cited in Lam and Lee, 2008). This Duality position places CEO in powerful position of managing the operations of the firm and also overseeing the direction the firm will take into the future (Petra and Dorata, 2008).It is often alleged that boards of directors are more independent as the proportion of their outside director increases (Jhon and Senbet 1998, Cited in Brown and Caylor, 2004). Strong positive relationship between the portion of independent directors on the board and profitability ratios in continental Europe countries (Krivogorsky 2006, Cited in Li, Wand and Deng, 2008). A higher proportion of the independent directors may lead to lower probability of financial sadness (Li, Wang, Deng, 2008). However, there is no relation between the proportion of outsider directors and various performance measures (i.e., SGA expenses, gross sales, number of employees, and return on equity) (Fosberg 1989, Cited in BRown and Caylor, 2004). and (Bhagat and Black, 2002) find no linkage between the proportion of outside director and Tobins Q, ROE, asset turnover and stock returns. Thus the relationship between the proportion of outside directors, a representative for board independence, and firm performance is mixed (Brown and Caylor, 2004). Researchers (Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003) and (Bebchuk, Cohen, Ferrell, 2004) showed in their studies that with stronger stockholder rights have higher Tobins Q, their proxy for firm value, suggesting that better-governed firms are more valuable our second measure of firm performance.Most of the empirical work for exploring possible relationship between corporate governance and firm performance is done for single jurisdiction. For US Firms a broad measure of Corporate institution Gov-Score is prepared by (Brown and Caylor, 2004)with 51 factors, 8 sub categories for 2327 firms based on dataset of Institutional Shareholder Service (ISS). Their findings imply that better governed fi rms are relatively more profitable, more valuable and pay more cash to their shareholders. (Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003)Earlier (Mir and Nishat, 2004) empirically tested the relationship between the structure of corporate governance and firm performance in Pakistan, and (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005). Mir and Nishats study included a different set of performance parameters which include ROE, net profit margin, sales growth, Tobins Q and dividend yield. Moreover (Mir and Nishat, 2004) used secondary data from the annual statements. While (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) study was based on secondary as well as on master(a) survey of different companies listed with Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE).This study is different to (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) as it extends the GOV-Score factor to 38 by adding the More than family members on the board to (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005)s study which was 37 factors.RationaleAs the global debate on corporate governance heats, the importance of this topic to any country-particularly any developing country-cannot be ignored. Being one of the important countries of South Asia, with immense trading potential and ideal geopolitical location, Pakistan has pro wide awakely pursued various policy reforms to stimulate its economic activity, in recent eld (Mehwish Mumtaz, 2005).Pakistan stock market is one of the leading emerging markets in the world. It has gone through series of reforms and structural changes since 1991 (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005). Financial reforms during 1990s have influenced the pattern of slap-up structure, dividend policy and compliances to corporate governance (Nishat, 1999 Cited in Nishat and Shaheen, 2005). Better Corporate Governance is supposed to lead to better corporate performance by preventing expropriation of controlling shareholder and ensuring better decision-making (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005), (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997).Most of the research in the area of corporate governance is done for developed economies, as rich data is only available for these economies where active market for corporate control exists and the ownership concentration is low (Bohren and Odegaard 2001, Cited in Shaheen and Nishat, 2005).This study will fill the gap by analyzing the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance for the firms as previous studies lack a factor in GOV-SCORE i.e. more than one family member on board while measuring level of governance. As this variable was found very first time by Benjamin Ehikioya as in his study (Ehikioya, 2009).Theoretical simulationHypotheses and Theoretical BackgroundAccording to above mentioned literature following hypotheses are formed.H1 Better-governed firms have better in operation(p) performanceBetter and effective corporate governance minimizes the control rights of both stockholders and creditors confer on managers which increases the probability that managers will invest in positive NPV projects (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997) leading it to bet ter operating performance, which is our first proxy to firm performanceH2 Better-governed firms are more valuable(Gomper, Ishii, Metrick, 2003) and (Bebchuk, Cohen, Ferrell, 2004) show that firms with stronger stockholder rights have higher Tobins Q which is the proxy of firm value and suggest that better governed firms are more valuable which is second proxy for firm performance.H3 Better-governed firms pay more cash to stockholdersFirms with smaller dividend payout have low earning growth, suggesting that better-governed firms payout more cash to stockholders, which our third proxy to firm performance (Arnott and Asness 2003, Cited in Nishat and Shaheen, 2005).Data and MethodologyGov-Score will be used to measure the strength of a firm governance on the patterns of (Brown and Caylor, 2004), (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) and (Y Attiya and R Iqbal, 2007). figuring of Gov-Score for 20 firms using data obtained from annual reports. The primary data will be collected through questionnai re containing 38 factors as either 0 ot 1depending on whether the firms governance standards. Then sum of each 38 binary variables to derive GOV-Score.This paper consider four performance measures spread across three categories operating performance, valuation and shareholder payout. This paper selects two operating measures i.e. ROE and profit margin. One valuation measure i..e. Tobins Q and single measure of stockholder payout i.e. dividend yield.This paper adopts methodology used by (Nishat and Shaheeen, 2005) which involves two types of cross-sectional analyses. Firstly, correlation between Gov- Score with each industry-adjusted fundamental variable using Pearson and Spearman correlations. Then order Gov-Scores from highest to lowest (i.e., from topper to worst governance), and analyze if firm performance differs in the extreme governance deciles. Next to assess which categories and factors are associated with expected/unexpected (good/bad) performance, we correlate the four per formance measures with seven governance categories and 38 governance factors.Sample and InstrumentThe sample size will be 20 firms listed in Karachi Sock Exchange. Convenience have technique will be used. A structured questionnaire will used containing 38 factors of governance spread across seven categoriesWorks CitedKanellos and George. (2007). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance Results from Greek Firms.Arnott and Asness 2003, Cited in Nishat and Shaheen. (2005). Corpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis.Bebchuk, Cohen, Ferrell. (2004). What matters in Corporate Governance.Bhagat and Black. (2002). The Non-orrelation Between Board Independence and Long circumstance Firm Performance. Journal of Corporation Law , 231-274.Bohren and Odegaard 2001, Cited in Shaheen and Nishat. (2005). Corpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis.Brown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance.Byrnes et 2003, cited in Ehikioya. (2009). Corporate governace structure and firm performance in developing economies evidence from nigeria.Cadbury 1992, Cited in Lee, Tin Yan Lam and Shu Kam. (2008). Chief executive director officer duality and firm performance Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315.Coles et al 2001 Higgs, 2003 Zardkhoohi, 2005, Cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315.Donaldson, 1990 cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315.Ehikioya, B. I. (2009). Corporate governace structure and firm performance in developing economies evidence from nigeria. Corporate Governance Vol. 9 No. 3 , 231-243.Fosberg 1989, Cited in BRown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance.Gomper, Ishii, Metrick. (2003). CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND EQUITY PRICES.Harforda, Mansib, and Maxwellc. (2006). Corporate Governance and Firm Cash Holdings.J ensen and Meckling, 1976 Fama and Jensen, 1983 cited in Brown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance.Jensen and Mecklings 1976 cited in Lia,Wang and Deng. (2009). Iindependent directors, Ownership agency costs and financial distress evidence from chinese companiess. Corporate governance , 622-636.Jhon and Senbet 1998, Cited in Brown and Caylor. (2004). Corporate Governance and Firm Performance.Kiel and Nicholson, 2003 Cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315.Krivogorsky 2006, Cited in Li, Wand and Deng. (2008). Iindependent directors, Ownership agency costs and financial distress evidence from chinese companiessMehwish Mumtaz. (2005). Corporate GovernanceAdopt or Adapt. Dissertation, Judge institute of Management Sciences, University of Cambridge Research.Mir and Nishat. (2004). CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE AND FIRM cognitive process IN PAKISTAN- AN EMPIRICAL STUDY.Nishat and Shaheeen. (2005). C orpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis.Nishat, 1999 Cited in Nishat and Shaheen. (2005). Corpoirate Governance and firm performance AN exploratory Analysis.Petra and Dorata. (2008). Corporate Governance CEO compensation. Corporate Governance , 141-152.Rechner and Dalton, 1991 Rhoades et al, 2001, Cited in Lam and Lee. (2008). Chief executive officer duality and firm performance Hong Kong. Corporate Governnace , 299-315.Shleifer and Vishny. (1997). Asurvey of Corporate Governance. NBER Working Paper 5554.Y Attiya and R Iqbal. (2007). Relationship between corporate governance and its Indicators and firm value A case study of KSE

The Monetary And Fiscal Policy Of Iceland

The Monetary And monetary indemnity Of IcelandThe country of Iceland is the smallest sparing within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with a gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 of rough $11.8billion. The Icelandic economy has been based on marine and energy resources. More recently, Iceland has developed a actually strong function sphere, which accounts for two-thirds of the economic out point. Since the arrest of the decade i.e. from 2000, Iceland has experienced particularly strong harvest-time in its pecuniary services sector. Trade accounts for a large shargon of Icelands GDP, with substances accounting for 46% in value and exports accounting for 35% in value of goods and services of GDP.Icelands of deduction export item was fish and some other marine products until the year 2006, when Iceland began to capitalize on its abundant thermal energy resources to produce and export aluminum. A combination of economic factors over the early t o mid-2000s led to Icelands current economic and banking distress. In particular, inlet to easy credit, a boom in domestic construction that fueled rapid economic appendage and a broad deregulation of Icelands financial sector spurred the banks to expand rapidly abroad and eventually played a role in the eventual financial collapse. Iceland benefited from favorable global financial conditions that reduced the pecuniary value of credit and a sweeping relaxation behavior of its domestic financial sector that spurred rapid growth and encouraged Icelands banks to spread quickly throughout Europe.The 2008-2009 Icelandic financial crisis was a major ongoing economic crisis in Iceland that involved the collapse of all three of the countrys major banks (Kaupthing, Landsbanki, Glitnir) following their difficulties in refinancing their short-term debt and a execute on put forwards in the United Kingdom. Relative to the size of its economy, Icelands banking collapse was the largest suffer ed by any country in economic history of the world. This was the main reason why Iceland had to suffer so much in the crisis.Commenting on the need for emergency measures, Prime Minister Geir Haarde said on 6 October 2008, There was a very real danger that the Icelandic economy, in the worst case, could be sucked with the banks into the whirlpool and the result could scram been national bankruptcy. He overly stated that the actions taken by the government had ensured that the Icelandic state would not actually go bankrupt. At the end of the second quarter 2008, Icelands external debt was 9.553 billion Icelandic krnur (50 billion), more than 80% of which was held by the banking sector. This value comp ars with Icelands 2007 gross domestic product of 1.293 trillion krnur (8.5 billion). The assets of the three banks taken under the control of the FME totaled 14.437 trillion krnur at the end of the second quarter 2008.MONETARY POLICYMonetary policy is the process a the government, central bank, or monetary sureness of a country uses to control (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or assess of interest to attain a set of headings oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy.Monetary theory therefore provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. Monetary policy is contrasted with fiscal policy, which refers to government borrowing, expenditure and evaluateation.During the financial crisis, Icelands monetary policy credibility had been very seriously damaged. Unsatisfactory puffiness outcomes had already undermined the credibility of the monetary frame compute, even before the financial crisis started and, consequently, inflation expectations were poorly anchored.Icelandic economists had said that due to the huge impact of the crisis, rebuilding the credibility was likely to take time, and as salutary maintaining it might be very difficult.However, after the crisis, the Monetary Policy Comm ittee (MPC) had voted to lower the Central Bank interest targets by 0.5 %. By supporting the interest rate cut, it lead to the appreciation of the krona in trade weighted terms.As in the ISLM Model, a decrease in the interest rates leads to an increase in the money supply. Therefore, this has lead to an expansionary monetary policy, as the interest rates were lowered, and also the MPC supported or voted for lower interest rates.MONETARY POLICY GRAPHThe higher up graph shows the shift in the LM towards right, which has lead to an expansion in the LM curve. Since the MPC voted for a lower interest rates , the money supply was change magnitude. Therefore, the LM curve shifts from LM1 to LM2, leading to an expansionary of the monetary policy. financial POLICYIn economics, fiscal policy stub be defined as the use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy. Fiscal policy refers to the overall effect of the budget outcome on economic activity. There are three possible stances of fiscal policyNeutral stance, which implies a balanced budget where, govt. spending = Tax RevenueExpansionary stance, increase in the govt. spending and reduction in tax revenueContractionary stance, decrease in the govt. spending and increase in tax revenueDuring the financial crisis, there was an increased government debt. due to the recession and rising debt servicing costs, the public shortfall was communicate to be above 10% of GDP in 2009, adding to the public debt burden.As a result, a considerable fiscal consolidation was therefore needed to put public finances back on a sustainable path and to pave the road for a successful euro-area entry. It was also important to reduce the deficit vigorously in the coming years, so that the country can reach the goal of balance.In order to eliminate the deficit, the government of Iceland had the option of tax increases as well as spending cuts, it therefore unflinching to opt for the former as they were easie r to introduce immediately.The starting point for the tax increases would contain been to reverse tax cuts implemented over the boom years, but Iceland could no longer afford. This would involve the increase in the personal income tax and also lift the reduced rate of VAT (Value Added Tax).This planned fiscal consolidation, would involve measures which would help to contain the expenditures.FISCAL POLICY GRAPHThe above graph, shows the shift in the IS curve towards left, which leads to the contraction of the IS curve. Since the govt. decided to reduce their expenditure and increase the taxation, in order to consolidate the fiscal policy, the IS has moved towards left, leading to an contractionary fiscal policy.INFLATIONIn economics, inflation can be defined as the rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, then each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services consequently, annual inflation is also er osion in the purchasing power of money a outlet of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. The effects of inflation on an economy are reproduce and can have both simultaneously positive and negative impacts.Since Iceland, comes from a small domestic market, the banks in Iceland have financed their expansion from getting loans on the inter-bank loaning market and, more recently, by getting deposits from outside Iceland (which are also a form of external debt). Large amount of debt was also taken by the households, which was equivalent to 213% of the disposable income, causing inflation in the country. Due to the practice of the Central Bank of Iceland issuing loans (liquidity)to the different banks on the basis of uncovered bonds which are newly issued and printing money on demand, this lead to inflation being exacerbated.Due to the financial crisis, the country of Iceland suffered inflation. On 25th of corruptch 2008, popular website, Bl oomberg.com that Iceland had increase its rates to 15% by raising its repo rate by a huge 1.25% in one day. The website also reported that the country was facing an inflation rate of about 7%. However, the Central Bank of Iceland had a goal of maintaining the inflation rate of about 2.5%. Also the Icelandic currency, krona has declined against the euro, from about light speed ISK per euro at the beginning of the year (2008), to its nadir of 125 on March 19 2008. Due to the interest rate hike it had the effect of moving it to about 116 from about 122. In August 2006, the country of Iceland made watchword when it had increased its interest rate to 13.5%. At that time, the krona was very strong against the euro. Iceland made news previously in August, 2006 when it increased its interest rate to 13.5%. The krona was then trading at a stronger at 90 to one euro.Some main factors why Iceland incurred inflation was mainly due to, the value of krona depreciated, secondly the prices of va rious commodities kept on soaring, and lastly, there was uncertain effect on charter agreements on labour costs.Since the financial crisis brought a huge change in the development of the economies in the world, as well as making many banks go bankrupt, the Icelandic debt is in a flash over 320 billion krona, which is roughly about $4 billion US dollars. This think is huge as one can dictate considering that its about a quarter of their GDP.INFLATION GRAPHYearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec20106.607.308.50200918.6017.5815.1911.8911.6312.1811.3210.9010.819.718.637.5020085.776.798.7211.7612.3212.7413.5514.5414.0215.8917.1518.1320076.897.415.875.294.674.013.763.454.184.475.195.86The above graph shows Icelandic inflation rate over the past 3 years. In the graph, one can make out how the inflation rate climbed up consistently in the year 2008, whereas in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling except in the month of June where it increased, but since then it had kept o n decreasing.In the year 2008, the reason why inflation rate climbed up consistently, was because of the krona which had been depreciating, where as in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling as the property prices beastly, which resulted in the fall of prices.UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as people who do not have a clientele, have actively looked for work in the past four weeks, and are currently available for work. Also, people who were temporarily laid off and are waiting to be called back to that job are counted as unemployed. Some types of unemployment are listed belowStructural Unemployment.Frictional Unemployment.Cyclical Unemployment.Since the financial crisis, lead to large per centumage of unemployment all over the world, Iceland was also one of them which had a quite high rate of unemployment. Unemployment in Iceland increased tree times more by the end of November 2008. There were more than 7000 registered jobseekers (about 4% of the workforce) i n November compared to just 2136 at the end of August 2008. The debt repayment had pose more costly as household debt (80%) and 13% denominated in foreign currencies had become indexed. The impact of the crisis was such that since October 2008, 14% of the total workforce had experienced reductions in pay, whereas around 7% of the workforce had their working hours reduced. According to IFL (Icelandic Federation of Labour) president Gylfi Arnbjrnsson, the above figures were lower than expected More than 85% of the workforce who were currently registered as unemployed in the country, stated that they had become unemployed or lost their jobs in October after that, due to the economic collapse.In December 2008, the unemployed figures which were registered in Iceland was 4.8 per cent, or around 7,902 people an increase of some 45 percent in November, accord to the figures from the Directorate of Labour. These unemployment figures were the highest, Iceland had recorded since January 199 7.In the same month i.e. December in the year 2007, unemployment rate partly was 0.8 percent, or 1.357 people. The Directorate of Labour had estimated that the figure will rise to 6.4-6.9 percent by the end of January 2009.Among those unemployed, the rate of unemployment among young people had increased the fastest, with the number of registered 16 to 24 year olds jumping from 1,408 to 2,069 in the month to the end of December 2008. This age group accounts for 23 percent of the entire jobless total.UNEMPLOYMENT GRAPHSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTThe Gross Domestic harvest-tide (GDP) is defined in economics as a basic measure of a countrys overall economic output. It is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a country in a year. It is often positively correlated with the standard of living, though its use as a musical accompaniment for measuring the standard of living has come under increasing criticism and many countries are actively exploring alterna tive measures to GDP for that purpose.The Gross Domestic yield (GDP) can be determined in three ways, all of which should in principle give the same result. They are the product (or output) approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach.Prior to the 2008-2010 crises, the economy of Iceland had achieved high growth, also had a low rate of unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income all over the country. The economy depended heavily on the angle industry which is the main source of their income, which provides 70% of export earnings and employs 10% of the work force. Icelands economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, with new developments in computer software production, biotechnology, and tourism.During the global financial crisis, the crisis-stricken Icelandic economys GDP shrank by a record 6.5% in 2009, despite having a decent growth of 1% in 2008 and massive growth of 6% in 2007. The decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) by 6.5% was a record in the national accounts of Iceland.There was a sharp decline in GDP in last year (2009) as the domestic expenditure plunged by 20.1%, then the household consumption also deplorable to 14.6% due to unemployment and government consumption dwindled by 3%. Also, Icelands fixed capital formation dropped by 49.9%. These were the reasons why the gross domestic product (GDP) fell by a huge margin, in the year 2009.After the crisis, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iceland managed to expand at an annual rate of 3.30 percent in the last quarter i.e. in the year 2009. Iceland Gross Domestic Product is now worth 17 billion dollars or 0.03% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. Icelands Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system, including generous housing subsidies.GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GRAPHYearMarJunSepDecAverage2009-5.10-0.40-7.2 03.30-2.3520082.90-6.001.803.200.4820072.100.805.10-1.001.75The above graph, describes the changes in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Iceland over the past 3 years. During the years 2007 2008, Iceland recorded a growth in the GDP, which helped in boosting the Icelandic economy. However, most of the year in 2009, it recorded a huge decline of 6.5%, except in the last quarter i.e. in the month of December where it a recorded a positive GDP.The main reasons why the GDP declined in the year 2009 was because the household consumption, the government consumption, as well the domestic expenditure rate had fallen massively, resulting in a negative GDP for the most part of the year.CURRENCYIn economics, the term currency can refer either to a particular currency, which comprises the physical aspects of a nations money supply. The other part of a nations money supply consists of money deposited in banks (sometimes called deposit money), ownership of which can be transferred by means of c heques or other forms of money transfer such as credit and debit cardsDue to the effects of the financial crisis, there was In October 2008, the effects of the 2007/08 global financial crisis brought about a collapse of the Icelandic banking sector. The value of the Icelandic krna plummeted, and on 7 October 2008 the Icelandic Central Bank attempted to peg the it at 131 against the euro.4 This peg was abandoned the next day.5 The krna later fell to 340 against the euro before trade in the currency was suspended6 (by comparison, the rate at the start of 2008 was about 90 krnur to the euro7). After a period of tentative, very low-volume external trading in the krna, activity had been expected to pick up again throughout November 2008, albeit still with low liquidity, as Iceland secured an IMF loan.8 However as of January 2009 the krona was still not being traded regularly, with the ECB reference rate being set only intermittently, the last time on December 3, 2008 at 290 ISK per euro. 9The Icelandic krona similarly fell in value against the US dollar, from ca. 50 to 80 per dollar to about 110-115 per dollar by mid-November 2008 it had continued its slide to ca. 135 to the dollar. As of April 2, 2009, the value hovered around 119 per US dollar.10 Previously high costs for foreign tourists thereby dropped, which Icelands tourism industry hopes to exploit.11INTERNATIONAL TRADEThe economy of Iceland is small and cogitation to high volatility. Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention. Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared with other OECD countries. However, government consumption is less than in other Nordic countries. Icelands trade policy is pursued along three main tracks multilateral trade slackening through the WTO, regional liberalisation through the European Economic Area (EEA) with its EFTA/EEA partners and the European Union and finally, bilateral free trade agreements in cooperati on with its EFTA partners Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Icelands international treaties have strengthened foreign trade. The EEA Agreement covers the free movement of goods, persons, capital and services. Membership in the EEA in 1994 and the Uruguay Round agreement brought greater market access for Icelands exports, capital, labor, and goods and services, curiously seafood products. Agriculture is heavily subsidized and encourageed by the government, with some tariffs ranging as high as 700 percent. Iceland is a part of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The WTO was establish on the 1st of January 1995. It is an organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade. Since the early 1990s, Iceland and its other partners in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland have established an extensive network of contractual free trade relations in Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region and with countries in other part of the world. The WTO deals with controlling of trade between participating countries it provides a manikin for negotiating trade agreements. The country has signed a large number of multilateral and bilateral agreements. Iceland is what is more strongly committed to the Doha Development docket and a fair and equitable outcome that will benefit the entire membership. Iceland supports the Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund, which is intended to assist developing countries in taking advantage of the opportunities created by increased trade loosening. Iceland exports 40% of fish and fish products, 40% of aluminum and alloys and animal products. The main imports are machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs and textiles and Cement. Icelands primary import partner is Germany, with 12.6%, followed by the United States, Norway, and Denmark. Currently, the largest trading partner countries are Germany, the UK, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries. Th e fishing industry is one of the most important industries. It provides 70% of export income and employs 6.0% of the workforce therefore, the state of the economy remains sensitive to world prices for fish products.iThe diversity of Icelands exports has, however, increased significantly in recent years, due to structural reforms and privatisation of state owned entities in finance and other sectors. Exports of manufactured products have been growing rapidly. Services now account for 36% of total export revenues while in 1990 the share was 26%.Icelands ratio of services to total trade is one of the highest among OECD countries.It is the Governments stated objective to provide Icelandic agriculture with a realistic opportunity to adapt to changes in its operating environment, to the benefit of farmers and consumers alike.The growth of international trade had been affected in the 1930s by the existence of tariffs and other barriers to international trade. To avoid such problems an agr eement, the general Agreement of Trade and Tariffs, was concluded between 44 countries which included Iceland. Iceland linked GATT in 1968. GATT stated that an international agreement should be created which required a binding code of conduct for international trade its main objective was the liberalization of world trade. Its principle was that there would be mutual benefits if international trade took place on the basis of non-discrimination and should be gradually reduced through negotiations. The liberalization for international trade gave Iceland confidence in their trade.During the period 2003-07, Iceland developed from a nation best known for its fishing industry into a country providing civilise financial services, but was consequently hit particularly hard by the 2008 global financial crisis, which extended into 2009.iiSelf-protection and self-preservation have characterized Icelands foreign trade policy since its independence from Denmark.While Iceland is a highly develo ped country, until the 20th century, it was among the poorest countries in Western Europe. However, strong economic growth has led Iceland to be ranked first off in the United Nations Human Development Index report for 2007/2008.iiiTARIFFIceland enjoys some of the strongest economic freedoms among all countries However Iceland is very isolationist as regards to the import of farm products and licenses as well as state monopolies of imports (undergoing a dismantling). Some plant products such as potatoes and flowers are subject to seasonal limitations.Iceland implements high tariffs on agricultural products in order to protect the domestic agricultural sector. Tariffs on certain varieties of vegetables, e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers and bell peppers are significantly higher during the growing season to protect domestic greenhouse producers. Meat and dairy products, and potatoes are also protected by substantial duties. Animal feed can carry tariffs up to 55%.Over 90% of imports are not s ubject to import restrictions or duties other than the same value-added tax employ to domestically produced goods. Special excise taxes are levied on sugar and some sugar products, potatoes, and motor vehicles. Agricultural products remain the most heavily taxed. In March 1970, Iceland acquired full membership in EFTA. On 28 February 1973, Iceland ratified a trade agreement with the European Community (later named the European Union) leading to the elimination of tariffs on industrial goods. A law authorizing the organic law of free trade zones went into effect in 1992. Icelands trade regime underwent considerable liberalization in the 1990s with accession to the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1993, and the Uruguay Round in 1994.Current duty rates generally range from 0% to 30% ad valorem and the average weighted tariff is 3.6%. Some goods come to duty-free, such as meat, fish, and dairy products.Icelands average MFN applied tariff is 5.9%. A high percentage of tariff lines (70% ) benefit from duty free treatment. The average MFN applied tariff rate for agricultural products is 18.3% (WTO definition) compared with 2.5% for other goods.ivIceland offers preferential tariffs on imports from 37 WTO Members under several free-trade agreements. Regional liberalization has advanced the most within the framework of the European Economic Area (EEA) nonetheless, the average tariff on products from EEA partners is still 3.2%, reflecting the exclusion of several agricultural products from duty-free treatment.A new Customs law of nature came into force on 1 January 2006 (Act No. 88/2005). According to the authorities, customs clearance for all importation aspects is computerized electronic data interchange (EDI) covers 98% of the declarations of import and export firms. Customs clearance using EDI takes a matter of minutes, or a few hours if processed manually.

I Saw Guinevere There as Well Essay -- Arthurian Legends Essays

I Saw Guinevere There as WellNumerous sources, such as Layamons Arthurs Dream, Marie de Frances Lanval and Sir doubting Thomas Malorys Morte Darthur, stage Guinevere as a unfaithful wife and the radical cause of the fall of King Arthur and The Round Table. In all of the three works, Guinevere is seen approaching various hands such as Lanval and Sir Lancelot, knights of her husband. And, yet, she remains virtuous and appeal in the eyes of King Arthur, who loves her dearly. Such blindness or possibly Arthurs unconditional love of Guinevere and Lancelot, Arthurs surpass knight, lead to the fall of Arthurs Britain and of the Round Table. In one of her lays, Lanval, Marie de France arranges Guinevere approaching the main character,Lanval, one of Arthurs knights, with a proposition. She offers herself to Lanval to be his mistress, willing to satisfy his sexual joys Lanval, Ive honored you sincerely, devote cherished you and loved you dearly.All my love is at your disposal.Your mist ress I consent to beYou should receive much joy from me (257- 262).Such appearance is clearly unacceptable for a lady in Guineveres position. She does not only compromise herself, but also presents Arthur as a weak man, unable to control his wife, and because a weak ruler. Furthermore, the author of the tale portrays Guinevere as a very wicked character. Angered by Lanvals rejection of her approaches, Guinevere insults Lanval, calling him a homosexual Often I have heard men averThat women argon not what you prefer.But you have many pretty boysWith whom you like to take your joys (273-276).Moreover, Guinevere later manufactures a apologue to tell Arthur, in which the roles are reversed and Lanval is pr... ...Thomas Malory, present Guinevere, Arthurs queen, as one of the causes of the fall of Arthurian empire. Guinevere is described as a wicked and unfaithful wife, whose behavior triggers the fall of her husbands rule. And although other factors, such as peoples green-eyed monst er and evil, influence the outcome of the legendary empire, Guineveres unfaithfulness is the primary cause of the fall of King Arthur and his Round Table. whole kit and caboodle CitedFrance, Marie De. Lanval. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 127-140. Layamon. Arthurs Dream. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 122-124. Malory, Thomas Sir. Morte Darthur. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 421-439. I Saw Guinevere There as Well Essay -- Arthurian Legends EssaysI Saw Guinevere There as WellNumerous sources, such as Layamons Arthurs Dream, Marie de Frances Lanval and Sir Thomas Malorys Morte Darthur, portray Guinevere as a unfaithful wife and the primary cause of the fall of King Arthur and The Round Table. In all of the three works, Guinevere is seen approaching variou s men such as Lanval and Sir Lancelot, knights of her husband. And, yet, she remains virtuous and appealing in the eyes of King Arthur, who loves her dearly. Such blindness or possibly Arthurs unconditional love of Guinevere and Lancelot, Arthurs best knight, lead to the fall of Arthurs Britain and of the Round Table. In one of her lays, Lanval, Marie de France presents Guinevere approaching the main character,Lanval, one of Arthurs knights, with a proposition. She offers herself to Lanval to be his mistress, willing to satisfy his sexual joys Lanval, Ive honored you sincerely, Have cherished you and loved you dearly.All my love is at your disposal.Your mistress I consent to beYou should receive much joy from me (257- 262).Such behavior is clearly unacceptable for a lady in Guineveres position. She does not only compromise herself, but also presents Arthur as a weak man, unable to control his wife, and therefore a weak ruler. Furthermore, the author of the tale portrays Guinevere as a very wicked character. Angered by Lanvals rejection of her approaches, Guinevere insults Lanval, calling him a homosexual Often I have heard men averThat women are not what you prefer.But you have many pretty boysWith whom you like to take your joys (273-276).Moreover, Guinevere later manufactures a story to tell Arthur, in which the roles are reversed and Lanval is pr... ...Thomas Malory, present Guinevere, Arthurs queen, as one of the causes of the fall of Arthurian empire. Guinevere is described as a wicked and unfaithful wife, whose behavior triggers the fall of her husbands rule. And although other factors, such as peoples jealousy and evil, influence the outcome of the legendary empire, Guineveres unfaithfulness is the primary cause of the fall of King Arthur and his Round Table.Works CitedFrance, Marie De. Lanval. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 127-140. Layamon. Arthurs Dream. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 122-124. Malory, Thomas Sir. Morte Darthur. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams. New York W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 421-439.

Essay --

An earthquake is a major instinctive misadventure which damages a lot of life and property as wholesome as interrupts the socio economic growth of a particular geographic region. It causes shaking and ground rupture, landslides, avalanches, tsunami, soil liquefaction, floods, fires, etc. Both wildlife and human beings experience huge evil to their life and livelihood through earthquakes. Some deadliest earthquakes till the date1556 Shaanxi earthquake On 23rd January, 1556 at Shaanxi (China) worlds worst quake took rough 8 lakh lives with its 8.0Mw (Magnitude) vibration. More than 500 miles area damaged through it.Great Tangshan earthquake On1976 July 28, China again experienced another horrific natural disaster of 7.7Mw shake which destroyed a lot of hard earned properties and around 7 lakh innocent lives.2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami It was a historic and terrible mishap in India and 13 other countries. Around 3 lakh people lost their life and the tsunami caused by this accident was a threat to the whole world. cataclysm commission and safety tips for EarthquakesThe process of dealing with and avoiding the risks or hazards resulted through a disaster is defined as disaster management. Disaster management for earthquake is a continuing process. It starts with the warning and continues until the living victims becomes independent to carry-on their livelihood. Support from different levels like individuals, corporate houses (CSR), NGOs, Government disaster management carrell or other philanthropic organizations helps a lot in reconstructing the society. The uncertainty of earthquake and the unavailability of immediate support form trained volunteers influences a coarse man to learn the basic disaster management strate... ...nto the damaged building instantly after the quake as the damaged or loosen split of the concretes may fall down on you.3.If you think your building is safe after the quake then check the electricity connection as easy a s the LPG pipe before using them. Also the water pipes may cause accidents.4.Help other injured people and offer food, water or first-aid. Ask support from others in evacuating the injured people or distributing relief stuffs. Stress more on the infants, disable and old persons. 5.Inform the disaster management authorities about missing of your family member if you are finding them. Be calm if unfortunately one of your family members seriously injured or died during the mishap.Following the disaster management and safety techniques for earthquakes or any other critical natural disasters requires robust environment resource management planning.

Civil Disobedience Essay -- History Luther Kind Thoreau Gandhi

All by dint ofout world history, human beings have put downd in acts of civil disobedience. However, in the last two centuries the whim and practice of it has been in full swing and has even brought on major historical events, especially concerning pair rights and just laws. Three major firm believers and activists in civil disobedience were Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Gandhi. All three of these men participated in acts of civil disobedience but each in his own federal agency and for different reasons. Henry David Thoreau believed that a certain war tax was unjust during the Mexican War and he refused to pay it. This then lead to his arrest and genius day in jail where he wrote the essay Civil Disobedience. Martin Luther King Jr. on the other hand participated in an act of civil disobedience for a much larger and important reason. He was fighting against segregation in America and for equal rights for all American citizens, including black that had b een oppressed in America for over 300 years. Loved and followed by thousands, King sought equal rights for both himself and for others through non-violent marches and demonstrations, which in turn led to equal rights for all American citizens including blacks. Gandhis participation in civil disobedience was by far the most effective and led to one of the most eventful periods in time the independence of India from British rule. However, even though these men all believed in civil disobedience and equal rights for all, they all achieved their remnants through different performer and methods, as seen in the three quotes involving different forms of civil disobedience. The three quotes will then be discussed and compared to the works of King, Gandhi, and Thoreau. ... ...r them. This situation was also explained when King said, We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor it must be demanded by the oppressed. Therefore, all three quotes represent acts of civil disobedience and relate in some way, shape, or form to the philosophies of Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Gandhi. The philosophies of these three men show that there is no one way to participate in an act of civil disobedience and that there are certain rules and regulations that a disobeyer must follow in order to achieve their goal. And in addition, that goal could range from anywhere from the elimination of an unfair tax, independence from the rule of another country, or equal rights and opportunities for all.